George Kanellos

We demonstrated for the first time a coexistence between a quantum QKD channel and 4×100 Gbps pm-qpsk carrier-grade classical optical channels in a 2 km Nested Antiresonant Nodeless Hollow Core fibre. Our results show a drop of less than 10% in the Secret Key Rate (SKR) when using a HCF compared to a significant drop of 97% in the SKR when quantum and classical signals coexist on a single core of a Multicore fibre (MCF) with equal losses, indicating that NANF type HCF significantly outperforms single-mode fibres (SMF) performance for quantum/classical coexistence. This significant difference in the SKR drop is due to the ultra-low nonlinear effects in HCF comparing to glass core fibres such as SMF and MCF.

A commercial time-bin encoded DV-QKD system is evaluated over a 116 km mixed fiber link including a 107 km aerial fiber segment. Despite the State of Polarization (SOP) fluctuations, the system achieved secure key generation over 15 hours.

We introduce a dynamic Software-Defined Key Management System (SD-KMS) framework designed as a modular orchestration platform to overcome the limitations of static routing in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) networks. The central Controller manages routing via three distinct mechanisms: an active polling interface for external solvers, a passive injection API for enforcing custom commands, and an embedded Dijkstra fallback engine to guarantee baseline service. Paired with this open architecture, we implemented a novel batch-based Linear Programming (LP) routing engine. This algorithm utilizes a "just-enough" proactive routing strategy that computes multi-path routes in polynomial time. By periodically processing demand batches, it optimizes end-to-end services to stay above safety thresholds, guaranteeing QoS by immediate key provisioning for dynamic application demands while allowing physical link pools to seamlessly absorb inherent QKD generation fluctuations. The capabilities of the SD-KMS and the LP engine were experimentally validated on a field-deployed, 5-node, multi-vendor QKD ring network. Functioning as a unified overlay across heterogeneous QKD systems, the framework successfully navigated a dynamic evolution scenario featuring key generation fluctuations, varying demands, and an intentional link failure. During periods of heavy key demands, the LP engine effectively performed load balancing by dynamically routing a portion of relay flows to secondary paths, preventing pool starvation and outperforming standard single-path solutions. When an active link was deliberately disrupted, the engine instantly redirected all traffic to the remaining functional path to ensure uninterrupted service continuity. Finally, upon link restoration, the system automatically engaged multipath routing across both available paths, maximizing the total key provisioning rate to optimize the volume of served request.

Two QKD systems employing different encoding schemes are evaluated over a mixed 29.5km fiber infrastructure, including 16km of aerial fiber segments. The work examines the systems’ performance and compares it to corresponding in-lab fiber setups.