Domenico Ribezzo

We demonstrate an entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) system employing frequency-bin encoding. The entangled state is generated using two independent high-finesse ring resonators fabricated on a silicon photonic chip. The system implements the BBM92 protocol with a passive basis selection scheme and enables simultaneous acquisition of sixteen projective measurements across two mutually unbiased bases. To counteract random phase fluctuations induced by thermal instabilities in the transmission fiber, we apply a real-time adaptive phase correction to the measurement basis. We achieve stable QKD over a 26 km fiber spool with a secure key rate exceeding 4.5 bit/s.

Quantum technologies play a central role in establishing new ways of quantum-secured communication. We investigate Free Space Quantum Communication and explore the advantage of implementing Quantum Key Distribution with a light source in the Mid-Infrared (>3 μm) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. We simulate and show that, for non-optimal weather conditions, Mid-Infrared can outperform the most commonly used telecom wavelength.

Free space quantum key distribution (QKD) has now achieved a groundbreaking advancement in secure communication, enabling long-distance private key exchange and ensuring unbreakable encryption. However, complete compatibility between fiber and free-space infrastructures remains a challenge for a fully integrated QKD system. Indeed, free space and fiber-based QKD commonly utilize different wavelengths and qubit encoding schemes that optimize photon transmission in their respective channels. Free-space QKD state generators usually employ visible light due to their lower beam divergence compared to longer wavelengths and polarization encoding for their resilience against turbulence. In contrast, fiber-based QKD primarily utilizes the C-band, which exhibits the lowest losses in silica fibers, and employs time-bin encoding to mitigate the effects of polarization instability in optical fibers. In our field trial, we demonstrate the viability of performinging QKD from a remote sender (Alice) to a fiber-based receiver (Bob) using the same signal without any wavelength or encoding conversion. We employ a time-bin encoded QKD protocol operating in the C-band through horizontally turbulent free-space channels and a pre-existing dark fiber infrastructure. We tested the setup over 50 m and 500 m free space long links, reaching an average secure key rate of 793 kbps and 40 kbps during several hours of measurement. The results put a step forward the interoperability between free-space and fiber-based infrastructures, opening new possibilities for connecting terminal users with satellites in hybrid systems.

Ensuring information privacy in modern communication systems has become increasingly critical. Quantum key distribution (QKD), leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, provides information-theoretically secure key sharing and has matured into the most advanced quantum communication application. Despite successful demonstrations and emerging commercial deployments, the widespread adoption of QKD is hindered by the high cost of building dedicated quantum networks. A promising and cost-effective alternative is the integration of QKD into classical fiber-optic infrastructure, particularly using standard single-mode fibers. However, this approach is limited by noise and nonlinear effects such as spontaneous Raman scattering. Recent advancements in space-division multiplexing (SDM) have led to the development of uncoupled-core multi-core fibers (MCFs), which offer spatial separation between quantum and classical signals, mitigating interference. While previous QKD-MCF coexistence studies have been restricted to lab environments and non-standard large-diameter fibers, we demonstrate, for the first time, the coexistence of QKD and classical communication channels, in a realistic field-deployed scenario. One of the cores was dedicated to QKD and the other cores to classical transmission. The system was tested with 110-Tb/s traffic over 25.2 km of field-deployed MCF with a 125-µm cladding. Our results mark a significant step forward in integrating QKD with classical communication based on uncoupled-core MCF technology.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is introduced to make encryption and transmission of data over any public channel unconditionally secure. A key requirement of such a promise is to have access to an encryption key with a similar length as the message and data itself. While QKD has become mature and the key rate significantly increased over the past 20 years, there is still a notable gap between data transmission and key generation rates. High-dimensional QKD is proposed as a method to respond to this demand. Here, we demonstrate a 4-dimensional path-\&-time encoding QKD system with more than 100\% improvement compared to a standard 2D system in the same test-bed, a 52-km deployed multicore fiber link.

The coexistence of classical and quantum communication within the same fiber optics infrastructure is still an open challenge to be solved. In fact, most of the practical implementations of quantum key distribution (QKD) are accomplished by taking advantage of dark fiber channels, i.e. fiber-optics links totally dedicated to the transmission of quantum signals. This prevents the intense classical light to affect the qubit error rate, but strongly reduces the possibilities for a full deployment of QKD technologies in large-scale and realistic applications. Looking for a solution several approaches have been tested, generally based on multiplexing of different degrees of freedom of photons. In our work we combined a dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing scheme with two different home-made single photon detection stages able to convert C-band photons into photons detectable by a silicon photon counter, by exploiting sum-frequency-generation process in nonlinear crystals. We compared the results with an off-the-shelf InGaAs single-photon detector, equipping it with polarization and wavelength filters, that was tested under the same experimental conditions. Injecting an intense light laser into a different DWDM channel to simulate a real-worl QKD scenario, we demonstrated that our up-conversion based detector makes QKD feasible with a classical launch power of 4 dB higher than the one affordable by the InGaAs detector. This result paves the way to the employment of quantum communication in many realistic situations, by enabling the usage of already existing telecom infrastructures, where the noise levels are not manageable by current single photon avalanche detectors.